patients who were ASA physical status I to II, aged 18–60 years, and scheduled for elective orthopedic, gynecologic, and otorhinolaryngological ambulatory surgery

a history of gastroesophageal reflux, hypertension, asthma, drug or alcohol abuse, cardiovascular disease, body mass index >30 kg · m−2, neuromuscular disease or medication influencing neuromuscular transmission, and anticipated difficult intubation. Also excluded were patients with a contraindication to the use of succinylcholine, such as predisposition to malignant hyperthermia, decreased pseudocholinesterase activity or known genetic variation, and conditions causing susceptibility to succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia (for example burn or denervation injury).