nonlaboring parturients more than 37-week gestation, ASA PS I or II scheduled for elective cesarean delivery

pregnancy-induced hypertension, chronic hypertension, multiple gestation, known fetal compromise, diabetes mellitus, polyhydramnios, weight >100 kg, major systemic disease, anemia (hemoglobin concentration <10 g/dL), or clotting diathesis. On arrival to the operating room, an 18-gauge IV cannula was placed on the left arm/hand of the patient, and lactated Ringer’s solution was connected to keep the IV line patent